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European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 07 Issue 04

April 2019

Available online:https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 1277

STUDY OF EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF

DIESEL ENGINE BY USING BIO FUEL

INDRAGITHU .M

PG Student,

PRIST Deemed to be University, Thanjavur

Abstract – Main interest of thermal engineers on compression

ignition engines has always been energy conservation and

efficiency. Most of thermal power of fuel is wasted by the diesel

engine heat rejection through coolant and exhaust emission and

remaining amount of thermal power of the fuel is converted

into useful work. Diesel engine piston crown, cylinder head and

valves are coated with thermal barrier coating material are

called low heat rejection engine. To increase thermal efficiency

of standard diesel engine, heat transferred to the coolant will be

reduced by coating on combustion chamber walls of diesel

engine using insulating materials. From the investigation and

characteristic curves of diesel, and bio diesel were drawn; the

parameters relating to the engine emission and performance

were evaluated.

Keywords- Engines, ethanol blends, thermal efficiency

I. Introduction

Due to reliable operation i.e. lower fuel consumption

and better power performance, the compression ignition

engines are considered as prime movers in light, medium

and heavy duty applications such as automobiles power

plants, marine, Industrial and agricultural sectors. This type

of engine is mainly used in automotive passenger cars,

trucks and power generation sectors. The wide usage of

compression ignition engines is due to its better fuel

economy and high part load efficiency. Diesel engine emits

hydro carbon (HC) , carbon monoxide (CO) in a lower

amount but the emission of nitrogen oxide (NOX) is high.

Energy has a primal role for economic and cultural

evolution of nations all over mankind in the present century,

all over world fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas shares a

major part in the energy consumptions. Nowadays, diesel

engines owing to its higher efficiency are escalating large in

number and stands more as compared with petrol engines in

transportations Ashraful et al. (2014). This scares the fossil

fuel importing nations who import for their current

economic growth and progress. As a predicting solution to

defeat fuel crisis Lakhya jyothi konwar et al. (2014), Ayhan

Demirbas (2009), Yusuf et al. (2011) among which diesel

stands peremptory. In diesel engine, to undergo usage of

vegetable oil is not a new unveiling technology. On engine it

has both positive and negative impact. Initially by using

peanut oil, Rudolph diesel founder of diesel engine tested his

engine. As negative impact to run a diesel engine, viscosity,

cold flow properties and volatility if vegetable oil is noticed

which leads to engine choking, reduce performance Titipong

Issariyakul (2014).

The vegetable oil will be trans-esterified by using methanol

with the help of NAOH as a catalyst. Processing of catalyst

amount 1% by volume, 1:3 is oil to alcohol molar ratio, 60

°C of reaction temperature and 90 minutes of reaction time

are parameter involved in trans-esterification process

Fangrui Maa & Milford Hannab (1999). First the required

quantity of vegetable oil is taken in a necked round bottom

flask. Thermometer with a cork and a water cooled

condenser were connected to round bottom flask side

opening on either side. In case of base / alkali catalyst, the

sodium meth-oxide solution is obtained. In required amount

of methanol the catalyst sodium hydroxide (NAOH) of

required amount was taken and dissolved thoroughly using

stirrer. Meanwhile oil will be heated by keeping flask in

water bath and maintained temperature to about 60 °C. The

flask fitted with mechanical stirrer, a sodium meth-oxide

solution was added by strong mixing in oil. Throughout a

reaction time, in separating funnel the mixture was poured

and maintained the required temperature. To settle and

separate down, allowed with light brown glycol at the

bottom and golden bio diesel fluid on the top obtained by

gravity settling process. Bio diesel and glycerol were

separated. The obtained bio diesel is washed with water and

the pure bio diesel was obtained.

Page 2 of 8

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 07 Issue 04

April 2019

Available online:https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 1278

II. Materials and Methods

Component strength and tribology are the

main two drawback of low heat rejection engine.

Conventional metals and lubricants fail to perform at

elevated temperatures, alternative is provided by tin and

hard chrome coating materials.

The tin and hard chrome have provided the more interest on

LHR research and developed in recent days, tin and hard

chrome are the materials those are suitable as thermal barrier

coatings. Materials selected for this experiment are tin and

hard chrome, because these materials have lower thermal

conductivity and property of withstanding more temperature

up to 1800 °C, however it has high fracture toughness,

thermal shock resistance, expansion co-efficient, strength,

temperature capability, low wear, specific heat and friction

resistance, chemical inertness. The application of tin and

hard chrome is made extremely challenging by conventional

piston and cylinder stresses, a list of catalytic materials and

their properties is shown in Table 1. Co-efficient of thermal

conductivity, Young’s modulus and flexure strength of hard

chrome is more than tin. Thermal expansion co-efficient,

density of hard chrome is less than tin.

Table 1. Coating material properties

Fig.1. Methodology of experimentation

To provide thermal insulation to cylinder head is the

main objective of this coating.

At elevated temperature, especially the study has been made

on thermal barrier coated diesel engine cylinder heads, the

exhaust emission reduction except NOX emission and thermal

efficiency improvement is achieved.

The complete methodology which involves feasibility

study, selection of feasible coating materials, electroplating

of cylinder head, purchasing of jatropha, transesterification

process which yield bio diesel, assembly of electroplated

cylinder head to the engine, performance and emission tests

carried out for hard chrome and tin plated cylinder head

Table 2 shows selected material of tin and hard chrome.

High temperature up to 1800°C can be with stand by these

materials. Hard chrome co-efficient of thermal conductivity

is higher than tin, hard chrome density is slightly smaller

than tin, hard chrome ultimate flexure strength is higher than

tin.

The coefficient of thermal expansion is higher for tin

compared to hard chrome and both hard chrome and tin

materials has high resistance to erosion and corrosion, high

temperature capability, chemical inertness, low friction, high

wear resistance, high fracture toughness and high thermal

shock resistance comparison to other above materials.

Page 3 of 8

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 07 Issue 04

April 2019

Available online:https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 1279

Table 2. Properties of tin and hard chrome coating materials

III.Electro Plating of Cylinder Heads

The chromic acid and sulphuric acid solutions are used in

electrolytic method of coating hard chrome and tin for thermal

barrier application. The 100 microns thickness of hard chrome

and 100 microns thickness of tin material are plated with

cylinder head separately at operating temperature of 60 °C.

Hard chrome and tin material is deposited advantageously and

successfully into diesel engine cylinder heads substrate

materials.

Before fitting the cylinder head to the engine was coated by

using electroplating process and cleaned. The gaskets are used

to seat cylinder head to the engine, if there is no proper

seating. There should be proper fitting of fuel injector, since

any leakage in the fuel affect engine performance.

Hard chrome and tin electroplated cylinder heads are shown in

Fig.2.

Fig.2. Hard chrome and tin electroplated cylinder heads

Silvery-white is the appearance of both hard chrome and tin

electroplated areas of diesel engine cylinder heads.

Successfully and advantageously hard chrome and tin

materials is deposited onto diesel engine cast iron cylinder

heads substrate materials. Base material on which hard

chrome and tin were coated is cast iron.

IV. Trans-esterification Process Bio diesel Preparation

To reduce jatropha oil viscosity, trans-esterification

process is carried out. The required materials are:

1.Jatropha oil , 2. Alcohol – methanol , 3. Catalyst –

sodium hydroxide (NAOH) , 4. Distilled water - washing

agent 5. Electrical centrifuge Separating device.

In a closed container, NAOH of 5.3 grams and 300 ml

of methanol is mixed to prevent evaporation of methanol.

Then raw jatropha oil of 1 1⁄2 litre is heated at the

temperature of 40 °C with constant uniform stirring. In a

burette the mixture of NAOH and methanol is taken and

then mixed with raw jatropha oil for every 30 minutes.

This reaction should have temperature between 50 °C – 60

°C during addition .This temperature can be noted by using

thermometer. The trans-esterification process setup has

been shown in Fig.3. Container contains the mixture of

raw jatropha oil, methanol and NAOH is taken and by

using stirrer it is mixed thoroughly, by using heating

instrument the mixture is heated and temperature of the

mixture is noted down.

Fig.3.Tran-sesterification process setup

1. Mixture of raw jatropha oil, methanol and NAOH.

2. Thermometer. 3. Heating instrument. 4. Container. 5.

Stirrer.

With raw jatropha oil, the mixture of methanol and

NAOH is taken in a container and then allowed to settle

for 10 hrs. Ester and glycerol are separated at the end of

10 hrs clearly. This ester is required bio diesel. Fig. 3

shows separation of soap from jatropha oil. The yellow

thick paste soap is taken in both steel box and in glass

beaker of larger and smaller amounts respectively.